Space Science, Technology, Astronomy, Education and Resurche

*1 & 2 tasveer - NEW HORIZONS (Dono ek hi hai, bas rang alag):* Ye *NASA ka sabse tez bhagne wala probe* hai, jo *Pluto* tak gaya! - Launch: *19 Jan 2006 - Atlas V 551 Rocket* se - Baayein taraf 3 nazar: Fig.I Front, http://Fig.II Top, http://Fig.III Side view - Parts: *High Gain Antenna* (Zameen se baat), *RTG Generator* (Nuclear battery kyunki suraj ki roshni wahan nahi), *LORRI Camera, RALPH, REX, SWAP, PEPSSI, Student Dust Counter* - Daayein taraf rocket ka cutaway - *5 Solid Rocket Boosters + Centaur Stage + Star 48B 3rd Stage* Ye 2015 me *Pluto ka pehla saaf photo* le kar ab *Solar System se bahar* ja raha hai, 60,000 km/h se! *3rd tasveer - Soviet N1 ROCKET + LK LANDER:* Ye wahi rocket hai jiska aap ne pichhli baar Zond L1 me dekha tha, par ye poora naksha hai. - *MISSION: Crewed Lunar Landing, Country: Soviet Union* - Baayein taraf: *N1 Rocket* - 105 meter lamba, duniya ka sabse bada rocket tha, neeche *30x NK-15 Engines* ek saath! - Upar: *L3 Complex* - Soyuz 7K-LOK + LK Lander - Daayein taraf neeche: *LK Lunar Lander* - 1 astronaut wala, chaar taang wala. America ke lander se bahut chhota tha. Ye 4 baar launch hua aur 4 baar phat gaya, isliye Soviet Chaand par nahi pahunch sake.

*1. LORRI — Long Range Reconnaissance Imager:* Ye sabse tez nazar wala camera hai. Pluto ka pehla saaf photo isi ne liya. Door se hi pahad aur gaddhe dekh leta hai. *2. RALPH:* Ye rang-biranga camera hai. 2 kaam karta hai — ek tasveer leta hai (MVIC) aur dusra rangon se mitti check karta hai (LEISA) ki Pluto par baraf hai ya pathar. *3. REX — Radio Science Experiment:* Ye seedha antenna se juda hai. Pluto ki hawa (atmosphere) kitni garam, kitni ghani hai, ye napta hai. Radio lehro se kaam karta hai. *4. SWAP — Solar Wind Around Pluto:* Suraj se jo hawa aati hai (solar wind) usko napta hai. Dekhta hai ki Pluto ki hawa suraj ki hawa me kaise ghul jaati hai. *5. PEPSSI — Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer:* Pluto ke aas-paas jo tez bijli wale zarre ud rahe hain unko pakad kar ginta hai. *6. Student Dust Counter (SDC):* Ye students ne banaya tha! Raste me jo chhote-chhote pathar ke zarre (dust) takrate hain unko ginta hai. Abhi bhi Kuiper Belt me dust gin raha hai. *7. Alice:* Ye ulta-violet (UV) aankh hai. Pluto ki hawa me nitrogen, methane gas dhoondta hai. Aur *neeche wala bada dabba — RTG (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator):* Ye battery hai, Plutonium se bijli banata hai kyunki wahan Suraj ki roshni bahut kam hai.

Ye 4 tasveeron me 2 engines hain, purana aur naya: Tasveer 1 & 2: White wali drawing - *J-2 ENGINE* Ye *Saturn V rocket ka engine* hai jo 1967 me America ko Chaand par le gaya. Apollo mission me 2nd aur 3rd stage me lagta tha. Iske *materials / parts* jo drawing me likhe hain: - *LOX INLET / FUEL INLETS*: Upar se Liquid Oxygen (thanda -183°C) aur Liquid Hydrogen fuel andar aata hai - *MAIN LOX VALVE / MAIN FUEL VALVE*: Bade nal jo fuel ko rokna-chhorna karte hain - *TURBOPUMP*: Sabse tez pump, 1 minute me 1 swimming pool khaali kar de! Fuel ko tez dabav se jalne wali jagah par phenkta hai - *GIMBAL BLOCK*: Engine ko left-right ghumaata hai taake rocket seedha rahe - *THRUST CHAMBER*: Jahan aag jalti hai - 3,300°C garmi! - *HEAT EXCHANGER*: Thande fuel ko garam kar ke gas banata hai tank me dabav banane ke liye - *TURBOPUMP EXHAUST MANIFOLD*: Pump ka dhuaan jo nozzle ko thanda rakhta hai - *NOZZLE EXTENSION*: Neeche wala bada ghanta jisse dhuaan nikal kar dhakka milta hai Tasveer 3: *SATURN V ROCKET 1967* Poora rocket 110 meter lamba - 5 J-2 engine mil kar 1 crore horsepower dete the! Tasveer 4: *RAPTOR ENGINE* - *Fuel: Methane (CH4) + LOX* — J-2 me Hydrogen tha, isme Methane hai taake Mars par bhi fuel ban sake - *FULL-FLOW STAGED COMBUSTION* — Duniya ka sabse efficient tareeqa, saara fuel jal jaata hai, kuch waste nahi - *CH4 TURBOPUMP / LOX TURBOPUMP* — 2 alag pump, ek Methane ke liye ek Oxygen ke liye - *CHAMBER PRESSURE: 300 BAR* — J-2 se 4 guna zyada dabav! Isi liye itna chhota hai par taqat me 2.5 guna zyada (2,200 kN) - *GIMBAL PISTON / HINGES*: Isko bhi ghuma sakte hain

1st Photo - BRONTO 4-X (HELIX OMEGA HEAVY) Ye naya zamane ka *Hybrid Nuclear Rocket* hai. Abhi concept hai, 2025 ka design. *Iske materials / system:* - *Engine Type: Nuclear + Electric mix* - Andar chhota nuclear reactor (Hexagonal TRISO, HALEU Fuel 19.75% U-235) se garam hota hai - *AT Variant (Atmospheric):* Zameen se uthne ke liye - chhota nozzle, zyada dhakka *3.8 MN* - *VA Variant (Vacuum):* Khaala me jaane ke liye - bada nozzle + R-HEC resistojets + Deployable Radiators - *Fuel: LH2, H2O, NH3, CH4, Argon* — Matlab paani se bhi chal sakta hai! Isiliye isko Multi-Propellant kehte hain - *ISP: 920s (NTR) aur 1,850s (Resistojet)* — Normal Raptor ka ISP 350s hota hai, ye 5 guna zyada efficient hai - *Cooling: Sodium Loop (core) + Water Loop (radiators)* — Reactor ko thanda rakhne ke liye - *Core Stage: 7 x Bronto* aur *Booster: 3 x Bronto* — Saturn V ki tarah Ye engine Mars 3 mahine me pahucha dega, abhi ke engine se 6 mahine lagte hain. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Photo - F-1 ENGINE (SATURN V ka asli Baap) Ye wahi engine hai jisne 1969 me Apollo ko Chaand par bheja. Duniya ka sabse taqatwar single-nozzle engine aaj tak. *Iske materials jo har drawing me likhe hain:* - *GIMBAL BLOCK / OUTRIGGER ARM:* Poora engine 6 degree tak hil sakta hai, rocket ko steer karta hai - *MAIN OXIDIZER VALVE / MAIN FUEL VALVE:* LOX aur RP-1 (Mitti ka tel jaisa fuel) ko control karte hain - *OXIDIZER PUMP / FUEL PUMP / TURBINE:* Ek chhota jet engine jo pump chalata hai — 55,000 HP ka! - *GAS GENERATOR:* Thoda fuel jala kar turbine ko ghumata hai - *THRUST CHAMBER / COMBUSTION CHAMBER:* Jahan 3,200°C par aag jalti hai - Thrust: *6,770 kN (sea level)* - *TURBINE EXHAUST MANIFOLD:* Turbine ka garam dhuaan nozzle ke andar daal kar usko thanda rakhta hai - *NOZZLE / NOZZLE EXTENSION:* 5.6 meter lamba, 3.7 meter chaura ghanta — Neeche se *Bifurcation Joint, Radial Expansion Joints* se judta hai taake garam hone par phat na jaye - *HEAT EXCHANGER:* LOX ko garam gas bana kar tank me bhejta hai *4th photo me cut-section me:* Andar *INCONEL Mesh O-Rings, Tadpole Seal (Asbestos)* se leak roka jata tha. *5th photo - Flow Diagram:* Kaise Helium se valve khulte hain, Fuel Start Tank / Oxidizer Start Tank se engine start hota hai. *Farq samjhiye Sajid bhai:* - *F-1 (1967):* 1 engine = 4 Raptor ke barabar taqat, par ek baar jal kar phenk do. - *Raptor:* Chhota, dobara use hota hai, Mars ka fuel use kar sakta hai. - *Bronto 4-X:* Nuclear se chalega, paani par bhi chalega — Mustaqbil ka engine.

*Photo 1 & 2 - VULCAIN Engine (Ariane 5 ka engine - France):* Ye France ka LH2 / LOX wala engine hai. - *Materials:* Laal = Liquid Hydrogen (LH2), Peela = Liquid Oxygen (LOX), Kala = Garam Gas, Neela = Helium - *TP LOX / TP LH2:* Dono taraf turbopump, fuel ko tez kar ke beech wale *Gas Generator (GG)* me bhejte hain - *Chambre Propulsive (CP):* Neeche bada bell jahan aag jal kar dhakka milta hai. Upar *Élément d'injection* se fuel chhidka jata hai. - Ye *Gas Generator cycle* hai - thoda fuel alag jala kar pump chalao, phir main chamber me jala do. *Photo 3 & 9 - RAPTOR Engine (SpaceX):* Ye sabse naya - *Full Flow Staged Combustion (FFSC)* - *Materials:* Liquid methane + Liquid oxygen - *Color legend:* Halka peela = thanda methane, Naranji = garam methane gas, halka neela = thanda oxygen, gehra neela = garam oxygen - *Flow:* Dono pump alag-alag saara fuel gas bana kar jalate hain, isliye 100% fuel jalta hai. Isi liye iska pressure *30 MPa (300 bar)* hai - duniya me sabse zyada! - *TVC actuator:* Engine ko hilata hai steering ke liye. *Photo 4 - Simple Gas Generator Engine (F-1 / J-2 jaisa):* Sabse aasaan samajhne ke liye. - *Oxid Turbopump + Fuel Turbopump:* Dono ko ek *Gas Generator (GG)* chalata hai - *Main Oxid Valve / Main Fuel Valve:* Fuel ko chamber me chhorne ke valve - *Ablative Lined Nozzle:* Nozzle andar se ghista hai taake 3000°C se pighle nahi - *Heat Exchanger + LOX Tank Pressurization:* Garam gas se tank me pressure banata hai taake fuel neeche aaye. *Photo 5 - Expander / Bleed Cycle (RL-10 / LE-5 jaisa):* - *1. Thrust Chamber, 2. LOX Front Pump Valve, 7. LH2 Turbine Pump, 8. LH Turbine, 11. LH & Helium Heater, 14. Gas Generator* - Isme *Helium vessels* se valve khulte hain, LH2 se turbine thanda hota hai phir garam ho kar hi pump chalata hai. *Photo 6 - RD-0210 / RD-0211 (Russian Proton Rocket):* - *Turbopump, Gas generator, Oxidizer valve, Gas supply line* - Neeche flow me *Controller + Throttle* bhi hai - matlab isko kam-zyada kiya ja sakta hai, jo F-1 me nahi hota tha. *Photo 7 - SOYUZ TM (CCCP):* Ye engine nahi, poora jahaz hai! Russia ka astronaut wala jahaz. - Upar Orbital Module, beech me Descent Module (jisme astronaut baithte hain), neeche Service Module + Solar Panels. *Photo 8 - RD-191 (Russia ka sabse naya):* - *1 Fuel line, 2 Oxidizer line, 4 Booster pump, 6 Main turbo-pump, 10 Combustion chamber, 11 Gas generator, 12 Ignition system* - *Flow:* Neela = Oxidizer, Hara = Fuel, Laal = Hot gas. Ye bhi oxygen-rich staged combustion hai, Raptor ka ustaad! *LOX + Fuel -> Pump -> Jalao -> Dhakka*, bas tareeqa alag.

*Photo 1 - ATLAS BOOSTER ENGINE (RP-1 / LOX) - Sabse purana rang-biranga naksha:* Ye training ke liye banaya gaya hai, isliye sab likha hai. - *Materials - LEGEND dekho neeche:* Neela = LOX (Liquid Oxygen), Laal = RP-1 (Mitti ke tel jaisa rocket fuel), Hara = LUBE OIL, Peela = HELIUM, Halka gulaabi = HOT GAS - *Flow:* Upar *LOX TANK aur RP-1 TANK* se fuel aata hai. *LOX Pump aur RP-1 Pump* ke beech me *Turbine* hai jo dono ko chalata hai. Turbine ko chalane ke liye *SPGG / LPGG (Gas Generator)* me chhota dhamaka karte hain (Pyrotechnics). Neeche *MOV aur MPV valve* fuel ko rokte hain, aur *TEA Hypergolic Cartridge* se engine start hota hai - ye hawa me khud jal jaata hai. Sabse neeche *Booster Pneumatic System - Shrouded He Spheres (3000 PSI)* - Helium ke golon se valve khulte hain. *Photo 2 - VULCAIN / HM7B (France) - Oxygène Liquide / Hydrogène Liquide:* Ye bilkul saaf diagram hai. - Upar se *oxygène liquide (-180°C)* aur *hydrogène liquide (-253°C)* aata hai. - Dono ke apne *turbopompe* hain. Beech me *générateur de gaz* aur *démarreur* (starter) hai. - Garam gas (peela teer) pump ko chalati hai, phir *éléments d'injection* se *chambre propulsive* me jaati hai. - Laal line dekho - Hydrogen nozzle ke chaaro taraf ghoom kar usko thanda rakhta hai (regenerative cooling), phir upar wapas jata hai. Isko *circuit principal hydrogène* kehte hain. *Photo 3 - Page 71 wali kitaab - 4 alag zamane ke engine:* - *No. 1 - Apollo Lunar Module Descent Engine:* Laal = Fuel, Hara = Oxidizer. (A) Fuel inlet, (B) Oxidizer inlet. Ye Chaand par utarne wala engine tha, isko kam-zyada kar sakte the (throttle). - *No. 2 - Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) ka purana design:* Bohot complex, high pressure. (J) Combustion chamber, (K) Expansion nozzle. - *No. 3 - RL-10 jaisa Expander Cycle:* Neeche (C) coil dekho - fuel nozzle ko garam kar ke gas banta hai aur pump chalata hai. Bohot efficient. - *No. 4 - NERVA Nuclear Engine:* Ye chemical nahi hai! Andar reactor hai. *Photo 4 - NERVA / BWXT - NUCLEAR THERMAL ROCKET (Mustaqbil ka engine):* Ye wahi hai jo aap ke pehle wale Bronto jaisa hai, par asli NASA wala. - *Materials:* Sirf *H2 Flow (Liquid Hydrogen)* - koi oxygen nahi! - *Pump & Turbine Assembly* upar se Hydrogen ko *Reactor Assembly* me phenkta hai. - *Reactor Core* ke andar Uranium hota hai, jo Hydrogen ko 2700°C tak garam kar deta hai. - *Rocket Nozzle Assembly* se garam Hydrogen nikalta hai aur dhakka milta hai. Iska ISP 900 second hai - Raptor se 3 guna zyada!

COBE matlab Cosmic Background Explorer.* Ye *1989 me launch* hua tha. Is ka kaam tha *aasmaan se aane wali sabse purani roshni* ko napna, jise *Big Bang ki baqi roshni* kehte hain. Is diagram me uske parts hain: - *DIFFUSE INFRARED BACKGROUND EXPERIMENT* — door ke sitaron ki halki roshni napne ke liye - *FAR INFRARED ABSOLUTE SPECTROPHOTOMETER* — aasman ki thandak napne ke liye - *MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS / RADIOMETER* — Big Bang se bachi hui microwave lehro ko sun-ne ke liye - *DEWAR* — instrument ko thanda rakhne wala bartan - *RF/THERMAL SHIELD* — garmi aur radio lehro se bachane wali dhal - *SOLAR PANELS* — suraj se bijli banane ke liye - *COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNA* — Zameen se baat karne ke liye Is satellite ne ye sabit kiya tha ki *kainat ek bade dhamake se bani* — jise science *Big Bang* kehti hai, aur hum kehte hain *Allah ke hukm Kun Fayakun se*

Is par Spanish me likha hai, upar Russian me *"Krasnaya Luna" (Laal Chaand)*. *Baayein taraf - ZOND L1 + BLOK D:* Ye *Proton 8K82K rocket* par jata tha. Isme 2 cosmonaut baith kar Chaand ka chakkar laga kar wapas aate. - *ZOND L1 Modulo de descenso* — upar wala hissa jisme astronaut rehte the (4.88m lamba, 5,860 kg) - *Seccion de instrumentacion / propulsion* — neeche instrument aur engine ka hissa - *BLOK D* — neeche wala bada fuel tank (liquid oxygen + kerosene) aur *Motor 11D58M* engine *Daayein taraf - SOYUZ LOK + NAVE LUNAR LK + BLOK D:* Ye poora *L3 Complex* tha jo bade *N1 rocket* par jata. Isme: - *BLOK I Soyuz LOK* — Chaand ke chakkar me rehne wala jahaz - *BLOK E Nave lunar LK* — Chaand par utarne wali chhoti naav (America ke Lunar Module jaisi) - *BLOK D* — wahi fuel stage Ye Russia ka *America ko harane ka sapna* tha, par *N1 rocket 4 baar fail* ho gaya, isliye ye kabhi Chaand par aadmi nahi utar saka.

Ye *asteroid Ryugu* par sample lene gaya tha — *2014 me launch, 2020 me wapas*. Is diagram me uske parts dikhaye gaye hain: - *Ion Engine / RCS Thrusters (12)* — aage peeche jane ke liye engine - *Optical Navigation Camera (ONC-T, ONC-W1)* — raasta dekhne wala camera - *Thermal Infrared Imager (TIR)* — garmi napne ke liye - *Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI)* — asteroid par artificial gaddha banane ke liye - *Target Markers (5)* — landing ke liye nishan - *MINERVA-II Small Rovers* — chhote rovers jo asteroid par chal ke photo lete hain - *MASCOT Lander (DLR/CNES)* — Germany-France ka chhota lander Hayabusa2 ne *asteroid se mitti laa kar* dharti par bheji thi, taaki pata chale *duniya kaise bani*. *Khuda ki takhleeq ka kitna bada nizam hai* — ek chhota asteroid bhi *us ki qudrat ka namuna* hai.